How hospital architecture can influence the health of patients 

When one thinks of the determinants of health in hospital patients, equipment, doctors and staff are the key ones that come to mind. Although many may not be aware, the design of hospitals, its buildings and spaces also play a crucial role in determining the well-being of its patients. The size and layout of a room, whether a bed sits in the middle or against a wall, lighting and outdoor areas all need to be considered when building a hospital. In the past, these have not been considered predictors of health outcomes, but that is slowly changing. Read on to discover the importance of incorporating principles of social design into the built healthcare environment, and ways architects can do so. 

Importance of patient-centred design 

Ever since ancient Rome, philosophers, engineers and architects have figured out the importance of building for the people. Utility is a key aspect of the Vitruvian Triad, and speaks of the need to design spaces that benefit its users. This idea is expressed in “social design,” a term whose roots go back several decades. It refers to the deliberate structuring and design of relationships, including both the visible and hidden aspects. Diverging from traditional design thinking that focuses on generating ideas and strategies by understanding specific “user” problems, social design meets the needs of entire communities or societies. In the context of healthcare, this entails reimagining the role a building can play in the health of its inhabitants and the broader community that it serves. 

By creating environments that are welcoming and supportive, patient-centred design positively influences the healing process, contributing to enhanced patient satisfaction and faster recovery. Actively involving patients in the design process ensures that healthcare spaces align with their needs and preferences. This approach also emphasises the importance of respecting patient dignity and privacy, promoting efficient layouts, and fostering inclusivity to accommodate diverse patient populations. Ultimately, patient-centred design plays a pivotal role in shaping healthcare environments that prioritise holistic well-being, contributing to a positive and supportive healthcare experience.

Spatial layout 

Spatial layout is a fundamental aspect of design that needs to be considered when working on a hospital. In previous years, hospitals have traditionally measured their success in terms of bed occupancy. This is why their design features many private rooms and little space for walking. However, current medical thinking holds that for a great many patients and conditions, getting up and staying active is essential for recovery. Furthermore, spaces should also be easy to navigate with clear way findings, intuitive layouts and accessible designs. This can reduce stress for patients, their families and staff, which contributes to a smoother healthcare experience. 

Natural light and ventilation 

Explored in another article, https://archinspires.com/2023/07/21/the-power-of-light-exploring-lighting-its-impact-on-architectural-spaces/ on my website, which covers the power of light, we get to see how important this aspect is in transforming an architectural space. Natural light, with its inherent circadian rhythm-regulating properties, not only create a more visually appealing environment, but also positively impacts mood and sleep patterns. Exposure to natural light has been linked to reduced stress levels, improved patient outcomes, and a sense of connection to the external environment. Incorporating ample windows, skylights, and open spaces into healthcare facilities not only enhances the overall aesthetic but also fosters an atmosphere that promotes healing and a sense of comfort.

On the other hand, proper ventilation is another critical aspect of design, especially in healthcare with the need to restrict the spread of diseases and germs. Adequate airflow not only improves indoor air quality but also helps to prevent the spread of infections. Well-ventilated spaces help minimise the risk of airborne contaminants, creating a healthier environment for patients, healthcare professionals, and visitors. The integration of sustainable design principles, such as natural ventilation systems and the use of outdoor green spaces, not only contribute to environmental responsibility but also enhances the overall well-being of individuals within the healthcare setting. Together, natural light and ventilation create spaces that prioritise both physical and emotional healing, supporting the overarching goal of patient-centric healthcare design.

Gardens and outdoor spaces 

Integrating gardens and outdoor spaces into hospital design is a transformative approach that recognises the therapeutic benefits of nature on the healing process. These areas of open outdoor space offer patients, their families and staff a break from the clinical environment, which foster a connection with nature that has shown to reduce stress and enhance overall well-being. Gardens in healthcare settings provide a peaceful retreat, offering patients a space for relaxation, reflection, and rejuvenation, which can positively impact their mental and emotional states during recovery.

Beyond their aesthetic appeal, hospital gardens contribute to the healing process of patients by creating opportunities for physical activity and rehabilitation. Access to outdoor spaces encourages mobility and exercise, supporting patients in their journey toward recovery. Moreover, these areas serve as communal spaces, promoting social interaction among patients and providing a supportive environment for family members and friends. The inclusion of therapeutic gardens, specifically designed to engage the senses, can offer sensory stimulation that aids in pain management and emotional comfort, contributing to a holistic healing experience.

Lastly, not only do gardens and outdoor spaces benefit patients, they also have shown to reduce stress and burnout among healthcare professionals. These workers face challenging and often emotionally charged activities on a frequent basis, meaning such gardens and open spaces can help them find solace and allow them to recharge. Ultimately, the integration of gardens and outdoor spaces in hospitals is a testament to the recognition of the profound impact of nature on well-being, fostering environments that truly support the physical, emotional, and social aspects of healing within the healthcare setting.

Sources  

• Bernhardt, Julie, et al. “Why Hospital Design Matters: A Narrative Review of Built Environments Research Relevant to Stroke Care.” International Journal of Stroke, vol. 17, no. 4, Oct. 2021, p. 174749302110424, https://doi.org/10.1177/17474930211042485.
• HealthManagement.org. “Radiology Management, ICU Management, Healthcare IT, Cardiology Management, Executive Management.” HealthManagement, 2012, https://healthmanagement.org/c/imaging/issuearticle/the-influence-of-design-and-architecture-on-health.
• Heller, Cheryl. “How the Architecture of Hospitals Affects Health Outcomes.” Harvard Business Review, 15 Oct. 2018, https://hbr.org/2018/10/how-the-architecture-of-hospitals-affects-health-outcomes.
• Mario. “How Architectural Design Services Affects Hospitals and Patients | Cad Crowd.” Www.cadcrowd.com, 9 Sept. 2023, https://www.cadcrowd.com/blog/how-to-design-architecture-for-hospitals-and-how-it-affects-patients/.